RESUMO
Biosynthesis of the phytohormone jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) requires reduction of the JA precursor 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) by OPDA reductase 3 (OPR3). Previous analyses of the opr3-1 Arabidopsis mutant suggested an OPDA signaling role independent of JA-Ile and its receptor COI1; however, this hypothesis has been challenged because opr3-1 is a conditional allele not completely impaired in JA-Ile biosynthesis. To clarify the role of OPR3 and OPDA in JA-independent defenses, we isolated and characterized a loss-of-function opr3-3 allele. Strikingly, opr3-3 plants remained resistant to necrotrophic pathogens and insect feeding, and activated COI1-dependent JA-mediated gene expression. Analysis of OPDA derivatives identified 4,5-didehydro-JA in wounded wild-type and opr3-3 plants. OPR2 was found to reduce 4,5-didehydro-JA to JA, explaining the accumulation of JA-Ile and activation of JA-Ile-responses in opr3-3 mutants. Our results demonstrate that in the absence of OPR3, OPDA enters the ß-oxidation pathway to produce 4,5-ddh-JA as a direct precursor of JA and JA-Ile, thus identifying an OPR3-independent pathway for JA biosynthesis.
Assuntos
Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Resistência à Doença , Isoleucina/análogos & derivados , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Doenças das Plantas/prevenção & controle , Alelos , Alternaria , Animais , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Bioensaio , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Homozigoto , Insetos , Isoleucina/metabolismo , Mutação , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Telecommuting, whether full time, part time, or over short periods when the need arises, can be an important accommodation for employees with disabilities. Indeed, telecommuting may be the only form of accommodation that offers employees whose disabilities fluctuate a means to stay consistently and gainfully employed. This article describes one employer's experience in considering a request for telecommuting as a reasonable accommodation for a particular employee. Drawing on real-life examples, both positive and negative, this article provides a win/win framework for decision-making that can help employers evaluate the use of telecommuting as a possible accommodation and facilitates open and ongoing communication between employer and employee.
Assuntos
Pessoas com Deficiência , Emprego/organização & administração , Telecomunicações , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tecnologia AssistivaRESUMO
Psoriasis can have a profound impact on a patient, interfering in all aspects of life. Therefore, measuring the impact of disease and the effects of treatment must include both physiologic measurements as well as health-related quality of life tools. Psychosocial evaluation of patients at risk allows for early interventions that will promote positive patient outcomes and compliance with the treatment pathways.
